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Would Bystanders’ CPR Raise Cardiac Arrest Survival? Also known as sudden cardiac arrest, cardiac arrest occurs when an electrical system malfunctions in the heart that causes an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). It can immediately happen to anyone who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. In the United States, cardiac arrest strikes as many as 400,000 Americans a year, and almost all of them die. Fewer than 6 percent of people suffering cardiac arrest outside a hospital survive, and just 24 percent of those who have one in a hospital survive. People with cardiac arrest have sudden loss of responsiveness, for example, they will not respond to tapping on shoulders. The victim will die if no medical treatment is done within 10 minutes. But cardiac arrest might be reversed if someone nearby can perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and use a defibrillator to shock the heart in order to restore a normal heart rhythm within a few minutes. CPR is an emergency procedure to manually pump blood through the heart and the body in a person with cardiac arrest. The aim is to preserve brain function while awaiting medical attention to restore circulation and breathing. Hence, bystanders can make a difference when somebody collapses with cardiac arrest. Two papers that were published July 21, 2015 in the ‘Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)’ pointed out that people can simply save lives of cardiac arrest victims by just getting down on their knees and trying CPR or use a defibrillator. The studies also reported that a few more bystanders do help the survival of a person with cardiac arrest.
One study that was conducted by researchers from the Duke Clinical Research Institute and other institutions analyzed statistics on sudden cardiac arrest. Their results showed that after a statewide campaign to encourage the use of CPR, the number of people who collapsed with cardiac arrest got CPR until a professional could arrive and use a defibrillator rose from 14 percent in 2010 to 23 percent in 2013 in North Caroline. Meanwhile, the survival rate also increased from 7 percent of people lived without brain damage in 2010 to nearly 10 percent in 2013. Best results were attained if someone begun CPR and if emergency medical services arrived quickly and used a defibrillator. The study suggested it is possible to improve outcomes by strengthening first-responder programs, in addition to increasing the number of bystanders who could then provide CPR, including those assisted by emergency dispatchers, and by improving emergency medical services systems. In the other study, researchers from Kanagawa University of Human Services and other Japanese institutions found that over 7 years, between 2005 and 2012, the number of times people stepped in to help rose from 14 per 100,000 cases to nearly 19 per 100,000. This also lifted the survival rate (the number of people who lived without brain damage) from 3.3 percent of cases to 8.2 percent. Report released on June 30, 2015 by the Institute of Medicine also indicated that some high-performing communities in the United States where many people choose to learn CPR have survival rates of more than 60 percent for specific types of cardiac arrest. The institute also announced 8 strategies for improving cardiac arrest survival nationwide. These include increasing public awareness and CPR training, enhancing the capabilities and performance of emergency medical services systems. Many people choose not to learn and perform CPR because they fear that they might harm or kill the victim that might end up with lawsuits, or they are afraid of diseases, or they are simply unsure of the skills. That is why the American Heart Association changed its guidelines in 2008 and announced that no mouth-to-mouth recuse breathing is necessary. The rescuer just need to perform fast, hard chest compressions to keep the heart moving blood to the brain.
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